Vaughn, Doing Ethics — Chapter 6: Natural Law Theory
On p. 130, (the paragraph beginning "The natural law theory of morality comes to us from ancient Greek..."), find the sentence beginning with the words: "The natural law theory of morality comes to us from..."
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What are the historical origins of natural law theory, and why does it remain influential today?
On p. 130, (the paragraph beginning "According to Aquinas, at the heart of the traditional theory is the notion..."), find the sentence beginning with the words: "According to Aquinas, at the heart of the traditional theory is..."
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What is the core idea at the heart of natural law theory, and how can we discern moral principles from nature?
On p. 130, (the paragraph beginning "What is it, exactly, that human nature aims at?"), find the sentence beginning with the words: "Aquinas says that humans naturally incline toward..."
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What does Aquinas say human nature inclines toward, and how do these inclinations constitute "the good"?
On p. 131, (the paragraph beginning "It follows from these points that the natural (moral) laws..."), find the sentence beginning with the words: "It follows from these points that the natural (moral) laws are..."
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Why does natural law theory hold that moral laws are both objective and universal, and why isn't belief in God required to know them?
On p. 131, (the paragraph beginning "Like Kant's categorical imperative, traditional natural law theory is..."), find the sentence beginning with the words: "Like Kant's categorical imperative, traditional natural law theory is..."
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What actions does traditional natural law theory consider always wrong, and why do natural law theorists insist on these exceptionless rules?
On p. 131, (the paragraph beginning "As we have seen, moral principles—especially absolutist rules—can give rise..."), find the sentence beginning with the words: "The natural law tradition gives a different answer: conflicts between duties are possible..."
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What is the doctrine of double effect, and what four conditions must be met for an action with both good and bad effects to be permissible?
On p. 132, (the paragraph beginning "Traditional natural law theory and its double-effect doctrine figure prominently..."), find the sentence beginning with the words: "In itself, the act of taking the chemotherapy is morally permissible..."
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How does the doctrine of double effect apply to a pregnant person needing chemotherapy that will kill the fetus, and why is it morally permissible?
On p. 133, (the paragraph beginning "Traditional natural law theory appears to contain no crippling internal..."), find the sentence beginning with the words: "The theory seems to fall short of Criterion 1..."
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How does natural law theory fare against the evaluation criteria, and how does its absolutism conflict with commonsense moral judgments?
On p. 134, (the paragraph beginning "The absolutism of natural law theory arises from the notion..."), find the sentence beginning with the words: "The absolutism of natural law theory arises from the notion that..."
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Why is nature's teleological character central to natural law theory, and how does the scientific view of nature challenge it?
On p. 134, (the paragraph beginning "Like Kantian ethics, natural law theory is universalist, objective..."), find the sentence beginning with the words: "Like Kantian ethics, natural law theory is universalist, objective..."
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What features do Kantian ethics and natural law theory share, and how does natural law's emphasis on intention differ from consequentialist theories?